While it may seem confusing, these are important building blocks of any ABA program. They are what we are looking for when doing an assessment and when building a program. it is important for a student to have strong skill across all verbal operants. For example, if a student has a very strong tact repertoire and can label 100+ common items but can’t ask for any of those items when he wants them (i.e., mand) – he may not be able to use any those tacts functionally.
When we’re assessing language, it’s not enough to know HOW MUCH language a child has, but we need to know HOW the child is using that language. ABA is all about skills that are functional so we want to know how the child is using the language to navigate her environment? The verbal operants of language are defined by ABC – antecedent, behavior, and consequence. A child saying “cookie” because he was asked “What is it?” when looking at a cookie has a very different meaning than when the child says “cookie” because he is hungry and wants to eat a cookie.
So what are the verbal operants?

The Mand
The mand is the most basic skill that the youngest of children develop. Also known as a request, it can only be considered a mand if the antecedent was motivation for the item.
Antecedent | Behavior | Consequence |
Wants a cookie | Says “cookie” | Gets a cookie |
The Tact
Otherwise known as labelling or naming, a tact is the language evoked by an item or a picture. It can be accompanied by the question, “What is it?”.
Antecedent | Behavior | |
Sees a cookie | Says “cookie” |
The Echoic
An echoic is when a verbal response is emitted after a model. Essentially, the speaker repeats what is heard.
The Intraverbal
Intraverbals are a more complex part of speech. It is the ability to respond or answer a question without any kind of visual or model. Being able to have conversation and answer questions like, “What’s your name?” are language skills that would fall into the intraverbal category. We usually start teaching intraverbals with simple fill-ins like “Ready, set…” “GO!” or filling in blanks from their favorite song.
Antecedent | Behavior | |
Asked, “What has chocolate chips?” | Says “cookie” |
Listener Responding
Also known as “following instructions”, this part of language indicates how much language a child understands. While the operants listed above are expressive in nature, this operant is a receptive skill. A child can have stronger receptive language than receptive so it is important to assess for this and teach it as a foundation to expressive language. Listener responding is the child’s ability to follow basic instructions like, “Come here” or “Touch the book”.
Antecedent | Behavior | |
Child asked to touch the picture of a cookie |
Touches the cookie |
Motor Imitation
Motor imitation is the ability of the student to copy the actions of another individual. It can be accompanied by the instruction, “Copy me” or “Do this” but true imitation skill requires no instruction.
Antecedent | Behavior | |
Parent claps | Child claps |
(See if you can catch the echoic!)
We often recommend teaching across operants in our ABA programs. Instead of teaching one skill at a time, teach the skill across all operants which will help consolidate the language. This is especially true for intermediate-advanced programs like categories, feature, function.
Click here to read “Expanding Language Skills Part 2”
For more on verbal operants and a great how-to video, check out https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dd1Jl93XhOw&feature=youtu.be
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Can you help me understand why the example on Cooper white book US edition page 535 “see the number 5” say “five” is an intraverbal?
I do not have the same version of the Cooper text as you, so I cannot give a response to the example in the text.
An intraverbal is when the speaker responds to verbal discriminative stimuli (and does not have point-to-point correspondence). The text/visual “5” may be the discriminative stimulus that evokes the verbal response “five”.
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A nice break down of how to use verbal operants while playing the game!
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