For many ABA professionals, getting a learner comfortable with holding hands can be essential for safety and independence. Systematic desensitization – especially with a gentle, supportive approach – can make this process smoother.
Below, we’ll outline how systematic desensitization can help introduce hand-holding through slow and manageable steps, creating positive experiences along the way.
Why Systematic Desensitization Works
Systematic desensitization is about building tolerance over time. It’s the opposite of diving into a challenge all at once. Instead, it’s a step-by-step exposure that helps learners feel safe and in control.
When we pair this approach with consistent reinforcement, it becomes a powerful tool for making challenging activities not only possible but comfortable.
Generalizing Systematic Desensitization
When using systematic desensitization, it’s important to think through how to help the learner apply their new skills in a variety of situations. Consider how the comfort and confidence they’ve gained can be extended to interactions with different people, in new settings, and at different times.
A structured approach to this generalization process helps ensure the skills are flexible and effective in real-life situations, promoting greater independence and adaptability.
4 Steps to a Successful & Gentle Approach of Systematic Desensitization
1. Start with a Hierarchy: Develop a Task Analysis
The first step is identifying what the learner can currently tolerate when it comes to hand-holding. This is often referred to as creating a “hierarchy” or “task analysis.”
Consider where the learner is at – whether they’re completely averse to hand-holding or can handle short moments of it. Break down the goal into small, manageable steps, which you’ll gradually increase as the learner gains confidence.
For example:
- Step 1: Hold hands for just a moment.
- Step 2: Hold hands while taking a few steps.
- Step 3: Hold hands to walk a short distance, like a few feet.
Each step is about meeting learners where they are and encouraging success without pushing too fast.
2. Forward Chaining: Build Step-by-Step
Forward chaining is an effective way to teach skills in sequence. It starts with only the first step, and you gradually add the next steps as the learner achieves independence with each one.
For example, if your goal is to help a learner hold hands while walking from one place to another, the first step might be simply taking their hand. Reinforce this small action, and once they’re comfortable, add the next step – taking a few steps while holding hands. This progressive approach ensures that they aren’t overwhelmed, but are instead building confidence at each stage.
3. Reinforcement at Every Step
Consistent reinforcement is crucial in systematic desensitization, especially for more challenging activities. Reinforce each successful step with meaningful reinforcers – praise, a favorite toy, or another preferred activity.
For instance, if a learner holds hands for just a moment, reinforce this immediately to show that their effort is recognized and valued. Reinforcement helps them associate hand-holding with positive experiences, making it easier to build on this success over time.
4. Differential Reinforcement for Extra Effort
Some steps will be tougher than others. Differential reinforcement gives added value when the learner achieves a challenging goal.
If holding hands while walking outside is particularly difficult, offer a bigger reinforcer than usual when they complete this step. This approach highlights their extra effort and helps to reinforce moments when they might push through a harder step.
Example Sequence for Hand Holding
Let’s look at an example scenario to illustrate systematic desensitization with hand holding:
- Identify the Target Behavior: If the goal is for the learner to hold a parent’s hand while walking around the block, consider their current level of tolerance. Are they okay holding hands briefly? Or do they pull away immediately?
- Begin with Small Steps: Start with a brief moment of hand-holding just outside the door. Offer immediate reinforcement to build a positive association with the action.
- Gradually Increase Time or Distance: Slowly extend the duration or distance while reinforcing each step. For instance, if the learner successfully holds hands for a short walk down the driveway, celebrate this and gradually work up to the next stage.
- Practice in Safe Spaces When Needed: If safety is a concern (such as needing hand-holding near busy streets), begin practicing indoors to ensure the learner feels secure.
The goal of this method is to help the learner adjust to hand-holding at their own pace, building trust and reducing resistance. This way, when the situation demands it – like crossing a busy street or walking down a school hallway – the learner is more likely to cooperate with confidence. With systematic desensitization, we’re not only fostering compliance but also helping learners feel secure, capable, and ready to take on new challenges.
